Toni Morrisons Sula - Breaking the Rules :: Sula Essays

Defying the Guidelines in Sula   A people group isolates themselves from others in a given society. Certain people group convey their own different guidelines or laws. It joins various individuals into one gathering, one perspective. Numerous people group meet up in light of the fact that they share a similar shared objective or interests. On may events, a gathering or network structures when somebody is not quite the same as the greater part. A genuine case of that would be when  a kid is being prodded in school since he has glasses or supports. Toni morrison's Sula is an anecdote about a lady whose independence got a little town Ohio together to agree with one another against her. The tale Sula brings up the issue in how individuals or networks meet up. For Sula's situation, her deserting of the town has sent her in a place of being an untouchable. Sula's people group sees her joyful and wild ways foul and wrong. A genuine model would be her requirement for some sexual accomplices. Sula beds with a considerable lot of the men in her town, regardless of whether they were hitched or not. It was the main spot where she could discover what she was searching for: wretchedness and a capacity to feel profound distress .Lovemaking seemd to her, from the outset, the production of an extraordinary sort of satisfaction. (122)  Her people group accepts a decent lady her age ought to be a mother, spouse and server to her family unit. A lady ought to stay at home and be loyal and aware. Sula is was no of those things. From the beginning, she has consistently have been extraordinary, she wanted to do whatever it is that she gets a kick out of the chance to do. She left to school , something that a great many people from her town only here and there did. Sula left to seek after a vocation and to satisfy her requirement for information. She needed to do everything to consider everything to be encounters as much experience as possible conceivably gain while she was as yet youthful. It  was impossible to miss to see the town meeting up when Sula showed up again from school. Out of nowhere individuals in the town began agreeing with one another against Sula. They began seeing Sula as a weirdo, a fiend, as one woman portrayed her, contrasting Sula with the town pariah named Shadrack. The town began to pay special mind to one another just as they attempt to pay special mind to themselves. Toni Morrison's Sula - Breaking the Rules :: Sula Essays Disrupting the Norms in Sula   A people group isolates themselves from others in a given society. Certain people group convey their own different standards or laws. It joins various individuals into one gathering, one perspective. Numerous people group meet up on the grounds that they share a similar shared objective or interests. On may events, a gathering or network structures when somebody is not the same as the greater part. A genuine case of that would be when  a youngster is being prodded in school since he has glasses or supports. Toni morrison's Sula is a tale about a lady whose distinction acquired a little town Ohio together to agree with one another against her. The tale Sula brings up the issue in how individuals or networks meet up. For Sula's situation, her relinquishment of the town has sent her in a place of being an untouchable. Sula's people group sees her cheerful and wild ways revolting and unseemly. A genuine model would be her requirement for some sexual accomplices. Sula beds with a large number of the men in her town, regardless of whether they were hitched or not. It was the main spot where she could discover what she was searching for: wretchedness and a capacity to feel profound distress .Lovemaking seemd to her, from the start, the formation of a unique sort of bliss. (122)  Her people group accepts a decent lady her age ought to be a mother, spouse and server to her family unit. A lady ought to stay at home and be loyal and deferential. Sula is was no of those things. From the beginning, she has consistently have been unique, she liked to do whatever it is that she jumps at the chance to do. She left to school , s omething that the vast majority from her town rarely did. Sula left to seek after a profession and to satisfy her requirement for information. She needed to do everything to consider everything to be encounters as much experience as possible perhaps gain while she was as yet youthful. It  was impossible to miss to see the town meeting up when Sula showed up over from school. Out of nowhere individuals in the town began agreeing with one another against Sula. They began seeing Sula as a crackpot, a demon, as one woman portrayed her, contrasting Sula with the town untouchable named Shadrack. The town began to pay special mind to one another just as they attempt to pay special mind to themselves.

Traditional Chinese Medicine free essay sample

â€Å"Traditional Chinese medication is a wide scope of medication works on sharing normal ideas. It has been created in China and depends on a convention of over 2,000 years. Different types of home grown medication, needle therapy, rub exercise, and dietary treatments are included.†(From Wikipedia) Traditional Chinese medication has been generally recognized and is not the same as present day medication. The conventional Chinese medication grows gradually now. The model of deduction in customary Chinese medication is contradictory with present day science started in Europe. Conventional Chinese medication and Western science face practically beyond reconciliation contrasts. Individuals have confidence in science. Conventional Chinese medication can not be clarified by science. A few people do accept conventional Chinese medication is helpful. â€Å"Zhang Gong-yao, from the Central South University in Changsha, Hunan, distributed an article in a Chinese diary considering customary Chinese medication a pseudoscience that ought to be expelled from open human services and research. The article created scene in the nation. †(Jane Qiu. Customary medication: A culture to be decided. Nature 448, 126-128 (12 July 2007) | doi:10.1038/448126a; Published online 11 July 2007) â€Å"Traditional Chinese medication depends on Yinyangism (i.e., the blend of Five Phases hypothesis with Yin-yang hypothesis) which was later consumed by Daoism. â€Å"(Traditional Chinese Medicine. From Wikipedia, the free reference book) It is not quite the same as present day western medication. Customary Chinese medication hypothesis created more than 2000 years. It is utilized for quite a while and a few illnesses are relieved by it. The looks into of World Health Organization affirms that needle therapy is successful in diminishing post-employable torment, sickness of pregnancy, queasiness brought about by chemotherapy and spewing emerging, dental agony. Yet, information indicated uncertain or questionable on treating constant torment, back torment and migraine Traditional Chinese medication utilizes an assortment of items to treat ailments. Researchers have extricated dynamic fixings from customary Chinese medication and test them to affirm that it helpful to treat ailments, for example, artemisinin for intestinal sickness. However, some of customary Chinese medication can not be discover its dynamic elements. Conventional Chinese medication has its initial and present day exploratory strategies to discover the utilization of Chinese medication, for example, utilizing tongue to taste medication. Conventional Chinese medication is logical. Despite the fact that we can not clarify some of wonder of it now, more inquires about will be done to consider it. There are a few contrasts between customary Chinese medication and present day western medication. The distinctions are enormous to the point that the method of treating same ailment is totally extraordinary between customary Chinese medication and present day western medication. Regardless of whether customary Chinese medication is superior to current western medication? Individuals contend about the question and can not have an authoritative answer. Conventional Chinese medication can be utilized to manage human’ bodies so that human’ bodies are kept at a decent state. Individuals are more averse to become ill. In spite of the fact that cutting edge western medication can treat ailments, it can not contrast and conventional Chinese medication in the anticipation of sicknesses. Customary Chinese medication can find side effects of the malady helpfully before individuals feel unwell. Present day western medication can not do it. Customary Chinese medication discovers the main drivers of ailment and treats it from the major to restore the body to ordinary. The specialists of customary Chinese medication treat a malady and choose what treatment is utilized by comprehensive investigation of illness not simply just the surface side effects. Yet, additional time are utilized to treat ailments in customary Chinese medication. Present day western medication can treat ailment rapidly. Current western medication plainly recognizes normal diseases. Patients comprehend patients condition effectively under the specialists understanding. Indicative medications become viable rapidly. Medications of present day western medication are taken simpler. Both of customary Chinese medication and current western medication is significant. None of them is superior to other one. In the event that customary Chinese medication and present day western medication are joined to treat sicknesses, some serious infections are bound to be dealt with. Legacy and advancement of customary Chinese medication is increasingly more troublesome at this point. A few people don't accept customary Chinese medication can fix sickness adequately. An ever increasing number of individuals like to treat their sickness with Western medication treatment. Increasingly more specialist decision to learn present day western medication. Present day western medication is simpler to learn and utilize. Individuals who learn present day western medication is bound to turn into a specialist. They can win more cash in the wake of turning into a specialist. Because of it, less and less individuals decision to learn conventional Chinese medication. So as to prepare more doctor of conventional Chinese medication, the instruction strategy for customary Chineseâ medicine is changed. The conventional instruction technique for customary Chinese medication is one educator show hardly any students for quite a while. Instructors show more understudies in school of conventional Chinese medication these days. Understudy is simpler to learn conventional Chinese medication and can turn into a doctor of customary Chinese medication after alumni from school. Also, some exceptional people of graduates can decision to get familiar with customary Chinese medication and decision to acquire a few factions of conventional Chinese medication. In any case, school instruction centers around the educating of unknown dialects, PCs, plant science, life systems and different courses. Physical and synthetic information and western hypothesis is developing extent. Chinese (old Chinese), conventional Chinese medication hypothesis (TCM works of art) and other involve a little extent and expect of them is low. It damages the law of Chinese medication instruction. It is hard to support Chinese medication experts of adoring medication vocation who has a significant Chinese conventional culture and rich involvement with clinical practice. The instruction should join convention instruction with school instruction to prepare increasingly qualified doctor. There are numerous laws were made to control the customary Chinese medication industry. Regardless of whether laws are advantage for the improvement of conventional Chinese medication. National laws and guidelines are the basic premise and certifications for the advancement of customary Chinese medication. Individuals know the principles of conventional Chinese medication through the laws. They realize specialist obey administers and accept specialist. More individuals will get conventional Chinese medication and might want to decision it to treat their sicknesses. Specialists comply with the laws and guidelines to treat patients can diminish the danger of happening clinical negligence. The medications are delivered as per guidelines can ensure the pharmacodynamics of them. Be that as it may, there are a few imperfections of making laws and guidelines. A few laws are unacceptable for conventional Chinese medication. TCM specialists constantly appended significance to utilize self-governing pellets and glue to treat tolerant. In spite of the fact that the treatment is viable, it disregards the law. The treatment is illegal. People medication is a power to the rejuvenation of Chinese medication. Society medication has an ability and ace trick treatment. Be that as it may, they can't acquire a lawfully qualified to work on as indicated by the law. Laws and guidelines are useful to improvement of conventional Chinese medication yet they ought to be made reasonably concurring the genuine circumstance. Customary Chinese medication is the abundance of the clinical field. It is more fragile than western medication treatment now. We should attempt our best to create it. We can appreciate more advantages from conventional Chinese medication.

Three Months In Paris

Three Months In Paris [by Jenny Nelson 09] Whats the craziest thing that youve ever wanted to do during the summer? Me, I wanted to go to Europe. I had never been, and neither had anyone in my family, so when I told my parents that I was heading to Paris for all 3 months of blissful problem set-free vacation I had they were a bit shocked. Youre going all alone? they asked. Of course not, I responded. You see, theres this program called MISTI As youve hopefully read about by now, MITs MISTI program sends MIT students all over the world to participate in internships, and they try and make it almost cost-free. After I explained the logistics to my parents, like how MISTI flew me over to Paris, how the research lab I was working for set me up with a beautiful apartment in the Cite Universitaire in Paris 14th, and how I even got a small stipend, my parents were just as excited as I was. Ok, maybe not. That would have been pretty hard. I left for Paris as soon as finals were over, completely unafraid of the fact that I knew no Americans in the city for the first week and a half or so. Or at least I was pretending I was calm, cool and collected, but in reality I was so excited I could barely contain myself. I set myself up in my apartment and introduced myself to people that lived close by. And then the unthinkable happened: my computer broke. I spent a lot of time in French libraries, trying to get used to the French keyboard it wasnt easy. [] The French keyboard. Notice the a and the q are switched, among other things its just different enough to spice things up. I finally found a French friend who loaned me his computer yes, you read that right until I could get mine fixed. It turned out to be quite a long time before HP-France could repair my computer, and while I had Geoffroys computer, we struck up a friendship. He taught me French, I taught him English, and we had a blast hanging out. It was nice to know a true Parisian. Of course, my trip wasnt all fun and games and hanging out. The whole reason I was in Paris was to work at Institut Curie, a biomedical research institute with a specialization in cancer. I hadnt worked much in a lab before, but my lab mates were completely friendly and helpful. We spoke both French and English at work. [] Here is my lab building at Institut Curie. I spent my time at Curie in a few projects. For my main project I used PCR to check various protein levels from tumor samples extracted from young woman patients with breast cancer. I was not at all stressed, because the work was fun and I was learning techniques I had never actually performed before. During my incubation periods and lunchtimes I chatted about various weekend excursions with my lab mates, and got suggestions of restaurants to try and cities to visit. I even went to Batz-sur-Mer, a small town on the western coast of France, near Nantes, with my lab mates on a retreat in June. I never knew that French people liked the YMCA too [] Us doing the YMCA at the Institut Curie UMR218 Batz-sur-Mer retreat. I did get a lot done at Institut Curie though. Hopefully Ill even be published for my results. Unfortunately I cant go into too much detail here. On the weekends I had a blast experiencing Paris, having friends and family come visit (youd be surprised how many people will take you up on an offer of a free room in Paris!). [] Me on top of the towers of Notre Dame, acting like a gargoyle. [] Waltzing on the banks of the Seine during a free ballroom dancing class during Paris Plage (when the banks of the Seine get covered with sand and there are lots of summertime activities all day long). [] One of the beautiful statues in the Jardin du Luxembourg (Luxembourg Gardens) that are free to the public. [] The Tour Eiffel on Bastille Day (Frances Independence Day). I also traveled around to various nearby cities. I ended up visiting Batz-sur-Mer, Versailles, Cannes, Montpellier, Lille, and the Champagne region in France, as well as Bale, Switzerland and Brussels, Belgium. [] Driving through the countryside in the Champagne region of France. [] Looking out over Montpellier, France. [] Looking out over Monaco, France.

Film Review Marooned in Iraq - 1381 Words

Watching this movie has given a great insight into the Muslim film industry especially the stark differences and similarities that exist within the cinematic realm. This movie was based on an aging musician, Mirza, longing to see his wife, Hanareh again; this was spurred on from receiving a letter from his ex wife. Mizer cons his two sons Barat and Audeh to come and look for their mother and help in her time of need. After traveling from Iran to Iraq and encountering multiple dangerous situations, being robbed by thieves, and singing multiple songs the trio arrives in an orphan camp. This is where Audeh adopting two boys that he hopes he can train to have a great voice like his and ultimately become his sons, he stays behind while the teacher, Barat, and Mirza travel on to bring a child to get some medicine. Barat finds a woman after traveling on with his father and the teacher when they encounter the uncovering of a mass grave where Barats sweetheart thinks her brother may be buried at. The movie only assumes that this woman goes on to become his wife. In the final scene after traveling many more miles Mirza finally thinks he has found Hanareh at a quarantine camp, but ends up leaving with her daughter to care for after the other women in the camp tell that she has left. Hanareh was at the camp but could not bear to reveal herself thinking it will bring her shame, and that Mirza will not love her anymore after she lost her voice. This movie takes place during the Iraq-Iran

Taking a Look at Schizophrenia - 729 Words

What is schizophrenia? â€Å"Schizo† meaning split, and â€Å"phrenia† meaning mind. Schizophrenia is a disorder of the brain that has affected many individuals throughout history. Usually starting in childhood or early adulthood, it is rare for schizophrenia to start after one has reached adulthood. Before schizophrenia was discovered, those with the disorder were considered to be possessed, therefore causing them to be feared or locked up away from those that did not have the disorder. Schizophrenia is chronic and severe, and it affects those diagnosed with it strongly to the point where they cannot function in the real world. They have social issues, hear voices and things that others cannot hear, and feel like others are out to hurt them. Schizophrenia occurs in both women and men, and only about one percent of Americans have it. Men tend to experience the symptoms of the disorder before the women do. There is not one single factor that causes schizophrenia because it is caused by multiple things in clusters such as genetic factors, environmental influences, and psychological or social influences. Schizophrenia usually starts to affect men between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five, and between ages twenty-five and thirty-five in women. Depending on the person, the disorder can occur suddenly and fast, or it can be so slow that the individual does not even know they can it for a while. Diagnosing schizophrenia is done by watching and observing the patients actions. The doctorShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Schizophrenia793 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Æ' Schizophrenia is a disorder that has an effect on about 25 million people around the world (Myers, 2010). Schizophrenia is a brain damage, naturally created by the human body, that is caused by the genetically determined vulnerability of the blood-brain barrier (Voronov, 2013). This psychiatric disorder, like most others, is characterized by changes in behavior, thinking, reduced ability to feel normal emotions, and mood (Abad et al., 2011). The unique thing about schizophrenia is that the symptomsRead MoreTaking a Look at Schizophrenia650 Words   |  3 Pagesworld’s population has the acute mental disorder of Schizophrenia (World). It is one of the most common mental disorders in the world (World). Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by disordered thinking, delusions, hallucinations, emotional disturbance, withdrawing from reality (Gale), and thinking illogical, confused patterns (World). The disease causes impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors in patien ts (Gale). The word Schizophrenia is a Greek meaning for a â€Å"splitting of the mind†,Read MoreTaking a Look at Schizophrenia997 Words   |  4 Pagesrespectively. However, the more common symptoms of schizophrenia are hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thought. This paper will discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatments of schizophrenia. Causes of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia can arise from biological and environmental factors. Genetics are thought to play a role in the development of schizophrenia. It is currently unknown which genes are specifically involved in causing schizophrenia, but the it has been observed that the more geneticallyRead MoreTaking a Look at Schizophrenia1249 Words   |  5 PagesA common mistaken belief is that people with schizophrenia have multiple personalities. Many people confuse schizophrenia with split personality or multiple personality disorder (Lilienfeld et al, 2010). The misunderstanding stems from the meaning of the word schizophrenia, as in Greek it means split mind (Boruck, 2008). In 1990, Carlson proposed â€Å"schizophrenia is probably the most misused psychological term in existence† . Vaughan (1977), performed a study which found that 77% of studentsRead MoreTaking a Look at Schizophrenia828 Words   |  3 PagesSchizophrenia â€Æ' Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that makes it difficult for someone to establish what is real and what is not real. Schizophrenia also makes it hard to think clearly or to establish your emotions. Having this disorder affects how a person acts and sees the world. Over 2.2 million people suffer from this mental illness. There are many symptoms for Schizophrenia. Although there is no cure, proper treatment can control these symptoms. A person with schizophrenia may often seeRead MoreTaking a Look at Schizophrenia 1626 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia is one of the most common mental disorders. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies the disorder as the 7th greatest cause of disability in terms of disability-adjusted life-years worldwide affecting about 24 million people worldwide (Frangou, 2008). Many individuals around the world are affected by this disorder directly and indirectly. This paper looks at Schizophrenia assessing its epidemiology, history, diagnosis, symptoms, causes, and treatment drawing support from relevantRead MorePersonality Paper1187 Words   |  5 PagesJanuary 14, 2013 Dr. Tracy Masiello Personality Theory Paper John Nash was a very interesting man. Many may just know of him because of the movie, â€Å"A Beautiful Mind†. Taking a look at John Nash and his personality and how psychologists, such as Jung and Freud would see John Nash through their diagnoses. Also taking a look at how different theories would go up against John Nash and his everyday life. The different theories that will be looked at are the Five-factor model and Maslow’s hierarchyRead MoreThe Horrible World of Schzophrenia1245 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is a horrible brain disorder where people mix up what is real and what is their imagination. People with Schizophrenia hear voices in their head that arent really there. People affected with this disease may be paranoid because they believe people are reading their minds, controlling what they think, or plotting to hurt them. Schizophrenics may not make sense when they talk or seem crazy to people around them. They can sit still for hours without moving a nd you really cant tellRead MoreMental Health And Mental Illness1314 Words   |  6 Pagesthings such as anxiety and shock. Thus, this essay was based on a case study; it will look at the meaning of mental health and mental illness in relation to Schizophrenia. Also, it will look at the causes and the functional difficulties associated with Schizophrenia. Furthermore, it will reflect on the impacts of a diagnosis of mental illness on individual and in general and particularly in relation to Schizophrenia. Finally, it will discuss the type of support and treatment that might be effectiveRead MoreThe Biological And Psychological Explanations Of Schizophrenia1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will try to explain schizophrenia and talk about the main biological and psychological explanations, also showing how similar and different they are. Schizophrenia is defined in the oxford dictionary as a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between t hought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental

The Concept of Kairos Free Essays

string(323) " withered has no part in the nature of Kairos \(Opportunity\); he also explained that the lock of hair on his forehead indicated that while he is easy to catch as he approaches, yet, when he has passed by, the moment of action has likewise expired, and that, if opportunity \(kairos\) is neglected, it cannot be recovered\." In the midst of the ordinary time (kronos), extraordinary time (kairos) happens. A cultural word morphed by Christianity Introduction In a scene from Dead Poets Society, Professor John Keating challenges his boarding school English class. They sheepishly stand in front of the trophy case peering inquisitively into the photographs of alumna. We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Kairos or any similar topic only for you Order Now The professor speaks with a deliberate tone about the boys in the faded black and white photographs: They’re not that different from you, are they? Same haircuts. Full of hormones, just like you. Invincible, just like you feel. The world is their oyster. They believe they’re destined for great things, just like many of you; their eyes are full of hope, just like you. Did they wait until it was too late to make from their lives even one iota of what they were capable? Because, you see gentlemen, these boys are now fertilizing daffodils. But if you listen real close, you can hear them whisper their legacy to you. Go on, lean in. Listen, you hear it? Carpe! Hear it? Carpe! Carpe diem! Seize the day boys. Make your lives extraordinary. Why does the call to live extraordinary lives ring so loudly for some they are compelled to follow it with a zealous passion? What causes the same call for others to become merely a drone to ignore amidst all the other noises of life? No matter where one falls on this continuum the call remains the same for every human being. Carpe diem! [Literally, pluck the day] Choose to live in such a way that reflects the extraordinariness of your life. Position yourself to get caught up in the great drama. You have been destined to make an impact. Lifetime The span of time that measures a person’s life is referred to as a lifetime. Each person has a limited span of time to live. Yet each person is given the opportunity to leave a legacy which is about contribution, significance, and things that really matter. Could there be two spans of time, whether recognized or not, which actually intersect? Kronos (kronos) is the ancient Greek word which refers to sequential or linear time. In Greek mythology, the god Chronos, pictured as elderly, gray-haired and bearded, was the personification of time. Kronos is symbolized by the newborn baby that ushers in the New Year and ends the year as a bent-over old man: Father Time. We know kronos time as chronology; tick-tock time. It is measured, or chronicled, by clocks, hours, minutes and seconds. It is the time in which we make appointments and face deadlines. It tends to be more of a nemesis or taskmaster than a friend. We schedule our lives by it. Most people speak of never having enough of it as we race around the clock to make sure we maximize the time. Some even refer to much of life as â€Å"putting in the time. † Jonathan Larsen’s Broadway Musical Rent questions the measure of time, and parenthetically, the quality of kronos time with the lyrics of â€Å"Seasons of Love†: Five Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Six Hundred Minutes How Do You Measure – Measure A Year? In Daylights – In Sunsets In Midnights – In Cups Of Coffee In Inches – In Miles In Laughter – In Strife In – Five Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Six Hundred Minutes How Do You Measure a Year In The Life? How About Love? Larsen’s lyrics, while suggesting the continuum of life, carry angst for something more than tick-tock time. In the journey of kronos time is there, could there be something more significant, something of value, something legacy-driven that gives lasting impact to kronos time? The ancient Greeks would answer in the affirmative. Opportune Time Kairos (kairos), even though the Greek meanings are complex and culturally dependent, refers to the right time, opportune time or seasonable time. It cannot be measured. It is the perfect time, the qualitative time, the perfect moment, the â€Å"now. † Kairos brings transcending value to kronos time. Eric Charles White, in Kaironomia: On the Will-to-Invent, defines kairos with this imagery: 2 Archery – an opening, or opportunity or, more precisely, a long tunnel-like aperture through which the archer’s arrow has to pass. Successful passage of a kairos requires, therefore, that the archer’s arrow be fired not only accurately but with enough power for it to penetrate. Weaving – the critical time when the weaver must draw the yarn through a gap that momentarily opens in the warp of the cloth being woven. Kairos is the right moment of opportunity which requires proactivity to achieve success. It is significant and decisive. These moments transcend kronos, stirring emotions and realities to cause decisive action. It is not an understatement to say that kairos moments alter destiny. To miscalculate kronos is inconvenient. To miscalculate kairos is lamentable. The Background of Kairos Kairos was known in Greek mythology as the youngest child of the god Zeus. Quite close to the entrance to the stadium [at Olympia] are two altars; one they call the altar of Hermes of the Games, the other the altar of Kairos (Opportunity). Pausanias, Guide to Greece 5. 14. 9 His bronze statute was known as the most beautiful of statutes. Eye witnesses describe the statute as youthful, â€Å"beautiful to look upon as he waved his downy beard and left his hair unconfined for the south wind to toss wherever it would; and he had a blooming complexion, showing by its brilliancy the bloom of his body†¦he stood poised on the tips of his toes on a sphere, and his feet were winged. † The statue was so magnetic people â€Å"stood speechless at the sight. † The artist sought to capture the very essence of kairos: The wings on his feet, he told us, suggested his swiftness, and that, borne by the seasons, he goes rolling on through all eternity; and as to his youthful beauty, that beauty is always opportune and that Kairos (Opportunity) is the only artificer of beauty, whereas that of which the beauty has withered has no part in the nature of Kairos (Opportunity); he also explained that the lock of hair on his forehead indicated that while he is easy to catch as he approaches, yet, when he has passed by, the moment of action has likewise expired, and that, if opportunity (kairos) is neglected, it cannot be recovered. You read "The Concept of Kairos" in category "Papers" † Callistratus, Descriptions 6 The Ancient Greeks, the seedbed of existential thinkers, sought to understand kairos at multiple levels. They applied kairos thinking in arenas of legal, political, and epideitic (the artfully skilled and heightened rhetorical expression of praise). In legal rhetoric, kairos was related to justice beyond the written law, that is, law applied at specific times and circumstances unforeseen by legislators. Political rhetoric concerns the elements of usefulness, suitability, and honor. Kairos was also central to the Sophists, who saw kairos as the ability to understand the subtleties of a rhetorical situation. Kairos is seen as the orator’s ability to adapt to and take advantage of the contingent circumstances. One element of speech rhetoric is The Audience, the psychological and emotional makeup of the hearers. The other is Decorum, the principle of apt speech. Aristotle identifies kairos as intrinsically 3 related to the time and space when proof must be delivered to the hearers. Therefore, speakers are to be aware of their words AND be able to choose opportune moments to re-awaken the hearers. That moment, recognized, chosen and acted upon, is kairotic or interchangeably, kairos. Kairos was not only dependent upon the appropriate timing and purpose, but also the appropriate nature of the situation, the approach, and the implications of what is being presented. [These concepts are explained in detail in the book Rhetoric and Kairos: Essays in History, Theory and Praxis, Phillip Sipiora and James S. Baumlin. ] Modern day students of rhetoric are baffled by the word. S. H. Butcher who translated much of Aristotle noted that â€Å"kairos is a Greek word ‘with no single precise equivalent in any other language. ’† (Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, 118). They believe that grasping the spirit of kairos IS their area of study because the spirit of kairos is essential to the practice of rhetoric. Even though kairos is a bit illusive, it is at the same time, alluring. The Greeks knew kairos intersected kronos time. Yet, what was the impact of kairos? For whom was kairos available? Did kairos opportunities reside for only a few? In Panathenaicus, Isocrates writes that educated people are those â€Å"who manage well the circumstances which they encounter day by day, and who possess a judgment which is accurate in meeting occasions as they arise and rarely misses the expedient course of action. It was into this setting where the Apostle Paul engaged in kairotic interchanges in Athens on the Areopagus (also known as Mars Hill). Can you picture a well-educated man, known and respected for his zealousness in seeking to destroy the followers of a new sect out of Jerusalem called â€Å"The Way† (Christ-followers), and who had the ability to stand toe-to-toe with philosophers, now directing his tenacity toward sharing the real meaning of â€Å"opportunity? † Here’s one example: [Paul] also had a debate with some of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers. When he told them about Jesus and his resurrection, they said, â€Å"This babbler has picked up some strange ideas. † Others said, â€Å"He’s pushing some foreign religion. † Then they took him to the Council of Philosophers. â€Å"Come and tell us more about this new religion,† they said. â€Å"You are saying some rather startling things, and we want to know what it’s all about. † (It should be explained that all the Athenians as well as the foreigners in Athens seemed to spend all their time discussing the latest ideas. Acts 17:18-21 Just a few short decades before this interchange, the Divine intersected the world’s kronos time with His reality of kairos. A unique kairos has dawned. It came in the flesh, Jesus, the Christ. Time – even kairos itself – was ready to be redeemed. The Redefining of Kairos The New Testament writers reflect the evolution of the word by referring to kairos time as the present moment, the defin ing moment, and even the God-ordained moments. Kairos is the time-frame for divine interaction and occurrences. 4 Mark 1:14-15 â€Å"the time† (is fulfilled) Kairos is a time which requires a change or reorienting. Luke 12:54-56 â€Å"the present time† Kairos is extraordinary time, requiring interpretation. The capacity to read the signs of the times—the kairos—and respond is an issue of faith. Luke 19:44 â€Å"the time† (of your visitation from God) Kairos is a dangerous time. It is critical to recognize it, for if you allow it to pass the loss will be immeasurable. There is a burden or responsibility tied up in the recognition of the kairos. Romans 13:11-13 â€Å"the time . . . the moment† Kairos time is here. It calls for action and transformation—a change of life. 2 Corinthians 6:1-2 â€Å"the acceptable time† Kairos is not just crisis but opportunity and favor. God assists us in discerning the kairos—a moment of grace. Scripture writers accepted and leaned into the multiple dimensions of kairos: The divine reality of God and His kingdom that is available in each moment. Signifies a decisive moment of history when an old world would die and a new age would be born Moments which transcend time (kronos), stirring emotions and realities to cause decisive action. These are moments that alter destiny; seizing upon the crucial moment to perform accurately and skillfully in order to achieve a goal. A divine opportunity – season or moment – that one dare not miss. The apostle Paul knew the importance of reorienting the whole concept of kairos to the perspective of the Kingdom of God. (Kairos is used 85 times in the New Testament and 30 of these are by Paul. ) The Greek and Roman gods and goddesses were capricious and dispensed good or ill arbitrarily. The pagan deities were constantly at odds. Who would bring clarity? As clearly as John Keating passionately urged, â€Å"Carpe diem,† Paul traveled throughout the Asia Minor teaching, and more importantly, living out the message: exagorazesqai ton kairon literally, â€Å"buy up the opportunity. † The word â€Å"buy up† has its roots in the image of going to the marketplace and seeking to buy back, â€Å"to take it off the market†; to redeem. The admonition seems to be clear: people who live 5 in kronos time need to intersect with the Divine in order to grasp the full power of kairos. Go and buy back opportunities! Redeem them for good! Every person needs to know the real kairos: God-appointed time. Paul used the exact same Greek words as he wrote to two different churches: Conduct yourselves with wisdom toward outsiders, making the most of the opportunity. Colossian 4:5 [NAS] Therefore be careful how you walk, not as unwise men but as wise, making the most of your time, because the days are evil. Ephesians 5:15-16 [NAS] Paul wanted people to understand that kairos did not come in the form of a peering at a statute but in letting the eternal kairos, Christ, form more of your mind and subsequently your behavior. St. Ignatius Loyola wrote, â€Å"There are very few people who realize what God would make of them if they abandoned themselves into His hands and let themselves be formed by His grace. † Our world needs to know the depth of the Heavenly Father’s love and the dream He has for every human being to be eternally changed by His power and grace. In an effort to capture kairos for church-goers in the centuries that followed Paul, the Eastern Orthodox Church Liturgy begins with this exclamation, â€Å"Kairos tou poiesai to Kurio† (â€Å"It is time [kairos] for the Lord to act†), indicating that the time of the Liturgy is an intersection with Eternity. It is difficult to measure kairos time. It flows; allowing us to be in the moment. Erwin McManus, while never using the term kairos, speaks of a flow of time; movements which move in a timely manner and waits for no one. Describing or capturing a kairos moment is fluid and beyond expression. McManus suggests: I think we need to spend a day with Monet. He had a clear sense of what was hidden in a moment. Most of us think of a movement as something that’s stationary, stagnant, and unchanging. We want to capture the moment and stand in the moment. If there’s a moment you want to preserve or remember you must take a snapshot. The genius of Monet is that he saw the moment for what it really was. It was as if he read the dictionary and realized that the essence of the words moment and motion are the same. Monet was a master of light and movement. His paintings were blurred and obscure and yet beautiful and full of insight. If we could someone see life through his eyes, we would begin to see life as it really is. (An Unstoppable Force) Grasping the Depth of Kairos One doesn’t catch up with kairos time rather one participates in it. Kairos time can occur during activity or stillness. It simply intersects with kronos time. Newbery-Award winning author Madeleine L’Engle, best known for her children’s books, writes of kronos and kairos. She suggest that kairos can sometimes enter, penetrate, and break through kronos: the child at play, the painter at an easel, the 6 saint at prayer, friends around the dinner table, the mother reaching out for the newborn are in what she calls kairos. Taking kairos a step further Jean Shinoda Bolen suggests, â€Å"When we participate in time and therefore lose our sense of time passing we are in kairos; here we are totally absorbed in the present moment, which may actually stretch out over hours. † (Close to the Bone: Life Threatening Illness and the Search for Meaning, p 86) T. S. Eliot (Four Quartets) ruminates in â€Å"The Dry Salvages† Number 3: For most of us, there is only the unattended Moment, the moment in and out of time, The distraction fit, lost in a shaft of sunlight, The wild thyme unseen, or the winter lightning Or the waterfall, or music heard so deeply That it is not heard at all, but you are the music While the music lasts. Could it be that one could get so caught up in kairos that kronos is truly transcended? At those moments one is at soul-level. The Kairos Call The notion of kairos is characterized by what Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who survived years of imprisonment and exile in the Gulag Archipelago, calls â€Å"knots,† those decisive historic moments in which everything is rolled up and tied in a knot. In The Interpretation of History, Lutheran Theologian Paul Tillich made prominent use of the term, referring to kairos as those moments of crisis in history which create an opportunity for, and even demand, an existential decision. William Wilberforce forged the way for the abolition of slavery in England. George Washington accepted many kairos opportunities as general and president of a fledgling nation. Abraham Lincoln, the once uneducated country-boy, delivered one of the shortest, yet memorable addresses in American History on the Gettysburg Battlefield. As a determined leader of a war-torn country he concluded with this kairos challenge: It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion – that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain – that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom – and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 7 Winston Churchill, on June 18, 1940, gave a fiery-impassioned speech to the House of Commons that historians believe turned the tide of the war by winning a victory for human freedom. Seemingly defeated on every front, Churchill knew that he was the one to make the clarion call: Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, â€Å"This was their finest hour. † (www. winstonchurchill. org) The impeccable reality of kairos moments is that they are special, cosmic, and whether recognized or not, even divine. â€Å"The hour is the God-given moment of destiny not to be shrunk from but seized with decisiveness, the floodtide of opportunity and demand in which the unseen waters of the future surge down to the present. (Os Guinness, Character Counts) Nothing is more critical than to recognize and respond to such a moment. Kairos Possibilities and Potential It is the very nature of God to give every human being multiple opportunities to seize high impact moments. These kairos moments are rich with potential and pregnant with possibilities. â€Å"Whatever we may become, wherever we go, whatever we do, we should always be aware of what once wa s, what might have been, and what could well be again. † (Os Guinness, God in the Dark: The Assurance of Faith Beyond a Shadow of Doubt) Yet, with every opportunity comes a price tag. One cannot seize the day (or time) without choosing to not seize something else, which will undoubtedly have consequences. Jesus would speak frequently of counting the costs. People who choose to seize the moments are less concerned about the sacrifices they are making than they are about the significance of their decision. The encouragement is to make decisions wisely. Think of the Old Testament story of Esther. Would she be open to seizing the day? Would she let her divine moment pass her by? She was a lone Jew in a Gentile king’s harem at the precipice of watching the potential genocide of her race when she was given this challenge by fellow-countryman Mordecai: If you keep quiet at a time like this, deliverance for the Jews will arise from some other place, but you and your relatives will die. What’s more, who can say but that you have been elevated to the palace for just such a time as this? (Esther 4:14) She stood face-to-face with her God-given moment of destiny: a kairos moment. James Emery White confidently exclaims, â€Å"Kairos moments are never pragmatic moves to ensure a blessed life during our short tenure on earth. They are moments to be seized for the sake of eternity and the Lord of eternity. † (Life-Defining Moments: Daily Choices with the Power to Transform Your Life, p 97) 8 In J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings (The Fellowship of the Ring), an elderly Bilbo Baggins offers to carry The Ring of Power into the Dark Lord Sauron’s domain. His intention is to return it to the Land of Mordor, into the fires of Mount Doom from which it was forged. Yet he knew the temptation of the ring. So he said to himself, â€Å"Bilbo the silly hobbit started this affair, and Bilbo had better finish it, or himself. His old friend Gandalf the wizard releases him from the task, â€Å"If you had really started this affair you might be expected to finish it. But you know well enough that starting is too great a claim for any, and that only a small part is played in great deeds by any hero. † The great starter of events, of course, is God Himself. And while the great deeds are not done by a few, but by many, the heroes are bound by their choice to take a stand. Through this decision they assume a role in the great contest between good and evil; between the movement of God and rebellion of the Evil One. Each succeeding generation carries on playing its part in the great cosmic battle that will eventually be brought to a finish at the end of history. The question is whether we will choose to walk in the footsteps of the heroes who went before us. It’s a daunting choice indeed. (James Emery White, Life-Defining Moments: Daily Choices with the Power to Transform Your Life, p 85) Tolkien provides some clarity about kairos decisions throughout his epic. The hobbits, the elves, Gandalf, the Fellowship are all part of a metanarrative; a story that provides framework upon which other’s experiences can be built. Each of us is afforded moments to take a stand, regardless of appearance (Frodo, the Hobbit) to position (Aragon, the king in waiting). Kairos moments can catapult a person into the very essence of life, which often comes with great consequences. Yet, it is there, in kairos moments, where we live the great drama of life. Maybe it is in those times when we feel most alive, most in touch with our eternal purpose. Make no doubt about it, these moments are not just discerned, they must be seized. Bilbo’s young nephew, Frodo, knew when the kairos moment was calling him. That’s the way kairos moments often present themselves. Challenges, calls, â€Å"leaps of faith† into the great unknown! Though sometimes unexplainable, the call is unmistakable. Could there be a cosmic gong? At last with an effort he spoke, and wondered to hear his own words, as if some other will was using his small voice. â€Å"I will take the Ring,† Frodo said, â€Å"though I do not know the way. † Elrond raised his eyes and looked at him, and Frodo felt his heart pierced by the sudden keenness of the glance. â€Å"If I understand aright all that I have heard,† he said, â€Å"I think that this task is appointed for you, Frodo; and that if you do not find a way, no one will. This is the hour of the Shire-folk, when they arise from their quiet fields to shake the towers and counsels of the great. Who of all the Wise could have foreseen it? Or, if they are wise, why should they expect to know it, until the hour has struck? But it is a heavy burden. So heavy that none could lay it on another. I do not lay it on you. But if you take it freely, I will say that your choice is right. † 9 Let’s be very clear, the kairos call is sometimes very challenging. The responsibility of the Ring came upon Frodo unwanted, what seems to happen with kairos calls. Yet, the power lies in what we do with the kairos moment. Reflect on some interchanges between Frodo and Gandalf: Frodo: I wish the ring had never come to me. I wish none of this had happened. Gandalf: So do all who live to see such times. But that is not for them to decide. All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given to us. There are other forces at work in this world Frodo, besides the will of evil. Bilbo was meant to find the Ring. In which case, you were also meant to have it. And that is an encouraging thought. Frodo: I am not made for perilous quests. I wish I had never seen the Ring! Why did it come to me? Why was I chosen? Gandalf: Such questions cannot be answered. You may be sure that it was not for any merit that others do not possess. (He was just a simple hobbit, after all. ) But you have been chosen, and you must therefore use such strength and heart, and wits as you have. The weight of kairos opportunities can bring consternation. They call us out of our comfort zones. Oh to have wise people, like Gandalf, who listen to our doubts and then remind us of the importance of seizing kairos moments and staying the course! Kairos moments are well worth it. The Challenge Let’s tweak John Keating’s Latin urge to a kairos admonition: Tempus Occasio! Seize the kairos moment! Every human being is loved by God and eternally valued. Every human being exists for only a certain amount of kronos time. Thousands of years before The Byrds’ popular, â€Å"Turn! (To Everything There is a Season), King Solomon wrote: There is a time for everything, a season for every activity under heaven. (Ecclesiastes) The Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament, uses the word kairos to capture the writer’s intent. The question is, â€Å"What will we do with our kronos moments? † There is something beyond kronos. There is a time that impacts kronos with such intensity that it can alter the very kronos of a person’s life. Every human being is wired with gifts and passions which afford opportunities to make unique impacts. While each of us writes the script of our life, we have been given extraordinary potential to make a difference. Tempus Occasio! James W. Moore boldly writes, â€Å"Kairos time is full time, vital time, crucial time, decisive time, God’s time – those rich special moments that break into the humdrum and change your life; those powerful dramatic moments when things seem to fall into place; a new perspective comes, and God seems to be speaking loud and clear. That is kairos! † (Seizing the Moments: Making the Most of Life’s Opportunities, p 16) Kairos and the Present Moment 10 The young struggling diabetic Shelby, in the movie Steel Magnolias (1989) muses, â€Å"I would rather have thirty minutes of wonderful than a lifetime of nothing special. † Kairos moments are waiting to be grasped. There is no better time to apprehend kairos then the exact moment in time in which a person lives: the present moment. Simply put, the past is over; the future has yet to be written. We have the gift of the present moment in which to live. Will we seize the present moment or passively watch time tick by? The question is far from cavalier. It carries with it the tenderness of a care-giver blended with the challenge of a coach. The options are simple but the consequences can lead to great complexities. Either we proactively seize kairos time or we, by choice, choose only to live in kronos time, which tempts us to reshape the past or lures us to bring unwarranted assurances to our future. The later is a tenuous place to live. It leads to limited satisfaction, feeds our control issues, and breeds a lack of contentment. Can you think of a moment in your life which brought great joy to you? Fulfilling a dream, falling in love, the birth of a child? If only that moment could be frozen in time. It cannot. That moment is in the past, a memory to which we add other memories which will form the legacy of our lives. That moment is to be remembered and celebrated. It becomes another stitch in the fabric of our lives. It dare not become the entire garment. Recently three Detroit baseball players from an era long gone by were featured guests at a local expo. These once stellar athletes, now plump old men, limped down the stairs to their booth for signing autographs. There seemed to be two types of autograph seekers that day: those who wanted a symbol of some of the good ‘ole years and those who were living as if the ’84 Tigers just clinched the pennant. They donned jerseys and hats; taking the concept of â€Å"fan† to another level. There was a difference from remembering the past and choosing to live in the past. Conversely, can you think of a moment in your life which brought pain or sadness? Was it a poor decision? Someone who hurt you? The loss of someone you love? If only that moment had not happened. It did. That moment is also in the past, and added to our memory. It too, becomes another stitch in the fabric of our lives. It dare not become the entire garment. How many people do you know who live in the past with such intensity that it drives their very decision-making? Rather than choosing to observe the past as a scar, they see it as a festering wound. Some even choose to regularly keep the wound open. That way they can actually use the wound as leverage for manipulation or exacting some revenge. Others peel back the scar when it is convenient giving them a good excuse for not taking responsibility for their decisions. The old saying is true, â€Å"He who ignores history is bound to repeat it. † However, there is a great distance between knowing our past and choosing to live in the past. Philosophy majors spar over this concept. Therapists earn a living helping people understand it. It is the crux of how human beings, young and old, choose to live. Will we choose the present moment? This is very practical. Take for instance, Brady Quinn, quarterback (2002-2006), The University of Notre Dame: 1 Before coach Charlie Weis came to Notre Dame, Brady Quinn’s development was like a slow, steady drip. Quinn had arrived at Notre Dame as a highly touted quarterback †¦ However, he wasn’t able to live up to the high expectations during his first two years in South Bend, IN. With one season of eligibility remaining, Quinn holds almost every major Notre Dame single-season and career passing record. His improved play has much to do with the Irish’s return to a place among the nation’s elite programs. (Michael Rothstein, ESPN. om, January 2, 2006) Charlie Weiss came to Notre Dame’s storied program as suburb playing-calling genius with three Super Bowl rings. His pedigree is helping young quarterbacks succeed to monumental levels. In an interview, Quinn was asked to describe the zenith of his turnaround, he simply reflected, â€Å"It all began when I started to believe the coach. † What was the coach’s oft-repeated mantra to Quinn? Forget the past. I’ll worry about your future. Your job is to live in the present moment. If it’s true for a twenty-something sports phenom imagine the stakes from an ete rnal perspective. What if a person would simply choose to live, just live, in the present moment? Imagine a life of present moment living where authentic behavior is honed by the self-disciple, practice, and self-control of the martial artist. Imagine what it would be like to make conscience efforts to let go of all our baggage – childhood problems, prejudices, assumptions, interpretations, and projections – and being responsive to the moment, appreciating â€Å"the power of now. † Present moment living is both spontaneous and responsible. (Spiritually Intelligent Leadership, Danah Zohar, Leader to Leader, No. 8 Fall 2005) The Bible has specific words for past moments, they are redeemable. I have redeemed you! I have called you by name! You are mine! Our Heavenly Father, through the power of Christ, offers a life of no-regrets. The slate is wiped clean and He restores â€Å"in spades† that which was lost. That leaves an ominous choice. Either a person can choose to live in the past, listening to all the loud voices which scream of rejection, failure, and unforgiveness or a person can choose to accept the truth: which is, each person is eternally loved and God wants all people redeemed. Because Christ bought us back, we are offered a life of kairos, a way of life which is about â€Å"buying back† (making the most of) opportunities; seizing these moments for the Kingdom of God. Tempus Occasio! Kairos Opportunities People who choose kairos living as a way of life not only accept redemption; they bask in all that it has to offer. They believe the past is really bought back and they are given a new lease at life. The past is a scar. Kairos people look at the scar and remember how much healing distance there is between the present moment and that scar. They believe with more and more faith each day that God does indeed, make all things new. Therefore to seize kairos is to â€Å"pluck† all the grace the Heavenly Father offers and accept it through faith. Kairos people accept faith as a gift and deliver increasing amounts of faith to people they meet. 12 People who choose kairos living as a way of life believe the future is really in good hands; God’s hands. Jesus wasn’t stretching the truth when he said, Don’t worry about tomorrow. It is God’s design that we seek to trust Him with our future. Therefore, kairos people are people of hope. They actually believe the Heavenly Father wants to give them good things and do good things through them. Kairos people put their hope in the One who controls the future and in turn, seeks to deliver increasing amounts of hope to people they meet. People who choose kairos living as a way of life know the Heavenly Father loves them first and in turn, respond by loving God with all their heart, soul, and mind. They know the depth of love they receive and want to give it away to others, thereby, living out the Great Commandments of Jesus. Kairos people love God and love people; believing that loving others is directly proportional to how much we love ourselves. Kairos people are people who love, radically and relentlessly and seek to deliver increasing amounts of love to people they meet. Tempus Occasio! Conclusion In the span of every human being’s life there are kairos opportunities. You may not be standing in the hallway of a boarding school with John Keating whispering, â€Å"Carpe Diem! † But you are standing on the precipice of other kairos opportunities. Tempus occasio! You may not be a teenager who is seeking to understand the meaning of life. But you are invited to find purpose and power as you gaze into the face of the One who created you and calls you â€Å"Beloved,† offering you destiny-changing opportunities. Tempus occasio! You may not be gazing into the pictures of those who lived a century ago. But you are invited to study the lives of those who have taken their kairos moments and transformed their world. Tempus occasio! Are you ready for an adventure? If you listen real close, you can hear opportunity calling. Your legacy is ready to be written. Go on, lean in. Listen, you hear it? Tempus! Hear it? Tempus! Tempus occasio! Seize kairos! Make your lives extraordinary. 13 How to cite The Concept of Kairos, Papers

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